THE MASTING AND RIGGING OF SHIPS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Vessel
Types and Maritime Terminology
List
of Abbreviations and Symbols
Part One THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL
PRINCIPLES
Chapter One Displacement Buoyancy and Stability
1.1
General Background
1.2
Displacement and Buoyancy
1.3
Stability
1.3.1
Statical Stability
1.3.2
Dynamical Stability
1.3.3 Metacentric Height and Range of Stability
1.3.4The Inclining Experiment
1.4 Form, Freeboard and Draught
1.4.1The Form of Vessels
1.4.2 Freeboard and Draught
1.4.3 Freeboard Calculations far First Class Iron & Steel Sailing
Vessels
Chapter Two Weights and Centres of
Gravity of Vessel and Cargo
2.1 Lightship Weight Centre of Gravity of Vessel & Cargo
2.1.1 Lightship Weight
2.1.2 Lightship Centre of Gravity
2.2 Deadweight and Its Centre of Gravity
2.2.1 Deadweight
2.2.2 Deadweight Centre of Gravity
2.3 Weight and Centre of Gravity of Ballast
2.3.1 Weight of Ballast
2.3.2 Centre of Gravity of Ballast
2.4 Displacement and Total Centre of Gravity
Part Two THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE
MASTS AND RIGGING
Chapter Three The Masting & Rigging of Sailing Vessels
3.1 Design of the Rig
3.2 Generating the Sail Plan
3.2.1 Calculating the Sail Moment
3.2.2 Procedure for Determining
the Lengths of Masts and Spars an a Square‑rigged Vessel
3.2.3 The Calculating of Individual Sails
3.2.4 Calculating the Location and Rake of Masts, Steeve of Bowsprits
3.2.5 Lengths of Spars
3.2.6 Horizontal Distance Between Centre of Effort and Centre of Lateral
Resistance
3.3 Examples Illustrating the
Calculations used to Determine a Sail Plan
3.3.1 Square‑rigged Vessels
3.3.1.1 Five‑masted Fully‑rigged Ship
3.3.1.2 Five‑masted Barque
3.3.1.3 Four‑masted Fully‑rigged Ship
3.3.1.4 Four‑masted Barque
3.3.1.4.1
Four‑masted Barque Comparison with 3.3.1.4
3.3.1.4.2 85 m Four‑masted Barque
3.3.1.5 Fully‑rigged Ship
3.3.1.6 Barque
3.3.1.6.1 Stump Topgallant Barque
3.3.1.6.2 Modern Barque of Conventional Rig
3.3.1.6.3 Barque Furst Bismarck
3.3.1.7 Barquentine
3.3.1.8 Brig
3.3.1.9 Brigantine
3.3.2 Topsail Schooners & Fore and Aft Rigged Vessels
3.3.2.1
Two‑Topsail Schooner
3.3.2.2
Three‑masted Topsail Schooner
3.3.2.3
Topsail Schooner
3.3.2.3.1 Topsail Schooner setting Double
Topsails
3.3.2.3.2 Topsail Schooner setting a Topgallant above a Single Topsail
3.3.3.4 Fore and Aft Schooner
3.3.3.4.1 Seven‑masted Fore and Aft Schooner
3.3.3.4.2 Four‑masted Fore and Aft Schooner
3.3.3.4.3 Three‑masted Fore and Aft Schooner
3.3.3.4.4 Fore and Aft Schooner with Centreboard and Bilge Keels
3.3.3.4.5 Fore and Aft Schooner with Leeboards
3.3.3.4.6
Fore and Aft Schooner of Fine Hull Form
3.3.3 One‑and‑a‑half Masters
3.3.3.1 `Galliot'
3.3.3.2 'Galeass'
3.3.3.3 'Jacht Galeass'
3.3.3.4 "Ewerkahn" and "Fischer‑Ewer"
3.3.3.5 Lugger
3.3.3.6 "Kuff"
3.3.3.7 "Kufftjalk"
3.3.4 Single Masted Vessels
3.3.4.1 "Tjalk",
3.3.4.2 Cutter
3.3.4.3 "Kahn"
3.3.5 Pleasure Yachts
3.3.5.1 Schooners
3.3.5.2 Ketch
3.3.5.3 Yawl
3.3.5.4 Cutter
3.3.5.5 Sloop
Chapter Four The masting & Rigging of Steamships
4.1 Rig Configuration
4.2 Designing the Sail Plan
4.2.1 Required Sail Area
4.2.2 Location of Centre of Effort
4.2.3Distribution of Sail
4.2.4 Sample Calculations of Deriving a Steamer's Sail Plan
4.2.4.1 Four‑masted Steamer
4.2.4.2 Three‑masted Steamer
4.2.4.3 Topsail Schooner‑Rigged Steamer
4.2.4.3.1 113.5 m Steamer,
4.2.4.3.2 95 m Steamer
4.2.4.3.3 70 m Steamer
4.2.4.3.4 52 m Steamer
Part Three DESIGNING THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE MASTS AND RIGGING
Chapter Five Design & Proportions of Spars & Rigging
5.1 Loads Within Spars
5.1.1 Loads Within Lower Masts, Topmasts, Topgallant Masts and Bowsprits
5.1.2 Loads On Yards, Booms and Gaffs
5.2 Spar Proportions
5.2.1 Diameters and Scantlings of Iron and Steel Lower Masts, Topmasts,
Bowsprits and Yards
5.2.2 Tables Giving Proportions and Scantlings of Spars on Sailing and
Steam Vessels
5.2.3 Timber Spars
5.2.3.1 Timber for Spars
5.2.3.2 The Shape of Timber Spars
5.2.3.3 Proportions of Timber Spars
5.2.3.4 Spare Spars
5.3 The Design and Construction of Various Components of the Rig
5.3.1 Design of Lower Masts, Bowsprits, Topmasts, Topgallant Masts, Yards,
etc.
5.3.1.1 Riveted Lower Masts, Topmasts, Topgallant Masts, Yards, etc.
5.3.1.2 Welded Lower Masts, Topmasts, Topgallant Masts, Yards, etc.
5.3.1.3 Seamless Lower Masts, Topmasts, Topgallant Masts, Yards, etc.
5.3.2 Fittings for Lower Masts, Bowsprits, Topmasts and Topgallant Masts
5.3.2.1 Arrangements for the Heel of Lower Masts, Bowsprits, Topmasts and Topgallant Masts, Mast Partners and Bowsprit Beds
5.3.2.1.1 Arrangements at the Heel of Lower Masts, Bowsprits, Topmasts
& Topgallant Masts
5.3.2.1.2 Mast Partners and Bowsprit Beds
5.3.2.2 The Trestle Trees
5.3.2.2.1 Lower Mast Trestle Trees
5.3.2.2.2 Topmast Trestle Trees
5.3.2.2.3 Trestle Trees without Cheeks
5.3.2.2.4 The Fid
5.3.2.3 The Cap‑Band
5.3.2.3.1 Cap‑Bands for Lower Masts and Bowsprits
5.3.2.3.2 Topmast Cap‑Bands
5.3.2.4 Miscellaneous Fittings for Lower Masts, Topmasts &
Topgallant Masts, Lightning Conductors
5.3.2.4.1 Lightning Conductors
5.3.2.5 Fittings for Spike Bowsprits
5.3.2.5.1 Bobstay Band
5.3.2.5.2 Outer Band
5.3.2.5.3 Centre Bands for Jibstays
5.3.2.5.4 Bowsprit Jackstays
5.3.2.6 Fittings for Bowsprits with a Fidded Jibboom
5.3.3 Fittings for Yards
5.3.3.1 Arrangement and Suspension of Yards
5.3.3.1.1 Slings and Tyes
5.3.3.1.2 Lifts
5.3.3.1.3 Standards
5.3.3.2 The Truss
5.3.3.2.1 Lower Yard Trusses
5.3.3.2.2 Trusses for Lower
Topsail and Lower Topgallant Yards
5.3.3.2.3 Parrels for Upper Topsail and Upper Topgallant Yards
5.3.3.2.4 Parrels for Royal 'Yards
5.3.3.2.5 Parrels for Small Timber Yards
5.3.3.3 Fittings at the Yard Arms
5.3.3.3.1 Yard Arm Bands
5.3.3.3.2 Cheek Blocks and Sheaves for Sheets
5.3.3.3.3 Studdingsail Boom Irons
5.3.3.3.4
Additional Fittings at the Ends of Yards
5.3.3.4
Miscellaneous Yard Fittings
5.3.3.4.1
Jackstays
5.3.3.4.2
Lugs for inner Lifts
5.3.3.4.3
Sheet Fairleads
5.3.3.5
Trusses, Parrels & Fittings for Self Reefing Topsails
5.3.3.5.1
Cunningham's Patent
5.3.3.5.2
Calling and Pinkneys Patent
5.3.4
Fittings for Booms and Gaffs
3.3.4.1
Fittings for Booms
5.3.4.1.1
Fittings at the Mast End of Booms
5.3.4.1.2
Fittings at the Outer End of Booms
5.3.4.1.3
Fittings for Self‑Reefing Booms
5.3.4.2
Fittings for Gaffs
5.3.4.2.1
Hoisting Gaffs on Tracks
5.3.4.2.2
Hoisting Gaffs not on a Track
5.3.4.2.3
Peak Halliard Bands
5.3.4.2.4
Other Gaff Fittings
5.3.5
Brace Bumpkins
5.3.6
Sundry Fittings
Chapter Six Rigging Chain. Winches, Blocks & Sails
6.1 Standing Rigging
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Sizes for Standing Rigging
6.1.3 Attachments at the Ends of Standing Rigging
6.1.3.1 Rigging Screws
6.1.3.2 Deadeyes and Lanyards
6.2 Running Rigging
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Tackles and Their Lifting Capacity
6.2.3 Blocks
6.2.3.1 General
6.2.3.2 Hooks, Shackles and Eyes for Blocks
6.2.3.3 Detailed Design of Blocks
6.2.3.3.1 internally Bound Wooden Blocks for Hemp or Wire Rope
6.2.3.3.2 iron Blocks for Hemp or Steel Wire Rope
6.2.3.3.3 iron Blocks for Chain
6.2.3.3.4 iron Blocks for the Chain Sheets of Topsails, Topgallants and
Royals
6.2.3.3.5 iron Blocks for Boom Topping Lifts, Throat Halliards, etc.
6.2.3.3.6 iron Blocks for Peak Halliard and Gaff Outhaul Chains
6.2.3.3.7 Snatch Blocks
6.2.4 Means for Working and Securing Yards
6.2.4.1 Halliards
6.2.4.1.1 Yards Hoisted by Halliard Winches
6.2.4.1.2 Yards Hoisted by Conventional Means
6.2.4.2 Means for Bracing Yards
6.2.4.2.1 Braces Worked by Brace Winches
6.2.4.2.2 Conventional Means for Bracing Yards
6.2.4.3 Means +or Suspending and Topping Yards
6.2.4.3.1 Lifts
6.2.4.3.2 Foot‑Ropes
6.2.4.4 Means for Setting and Furling Square Sails
6.2.4.4.1 Tacks and Sheets for Courses
6.2.4.4.2 Sheets for Topsails, Topgallants and Royals
6.2.4.4.3 Bunt‑Lines, Leech‑Lines, Clew‑Lines &
Reef Tackle
6.2.5 Means for Working & Securing Gaff Sails and Gaff Topsails
6.2.5.1 Running Rigging for Booms
6.2.5.2 Running Rigging for Gaffs
6.2.5.3 Running Rigging for Gaff Topsails
6.2.6 Means for Working & Securing Staysails
6.2.7 Inventory of Blocks and Running Rigging for the Five‑masted
Fully‑Rigged Ship Preussen
6.3 Sails
6.3.1 Material and Manufacture
6.3.2 Weights of Canvas Employed on Vessels of Various Types
6.3.3 Spare Sails